diff --git a/handler/relay/bind.go b/handler/relay/bind.go
index 3c7cd49f..fcd5b864 100644
--- a/handler/relay/bind.go
+++ b/handler/relay/bind.go
@@ -24,6 +24,35 @@ import (
 	xservice "github.com/go-gost/x/service"
 )
 
+// handleBind processes a relay CmdBind request.
+//
+// BIND mode is used for reverse-proxy scenarios: the client asks the relay
+// handler to listen on a local port, then forwards inbound connections back
+// to the client over a mux session.
+//
+// Flow:
+//
+//	handleBind()
+//	├─ 1. Wrap traffic limiter + stats
+//	├─ 2. Check BIND is enabled
+//	├─ 3. TCP BIND → bindTCP()
+//	│   ├─ net.Listen on the specified address
+//	│   ├─ Return the listening address via relay.Response
+//	│   ├─ Upgrade the connection to a mux session
+//	│   ├─ Start tcpHandler + tcpListener as an internal service
+//	│   │   ├─ tcpHandler: gets a stream from mux session → writes AddrFeature
+//	│   │   └─ tcpListener: accepts local TCP connections
+//	│   ├─ Goroutine: drain unexpected mux sessions
+//	│   └─ service.Serve() blocks
+//	└─ 4. UDP BIND → bindUDP()
+//	    ├─ net.ListenPacket on the UDP port
+//	    ├─ Return the listening address
+//	    └─ Create udp.Relay for datagram relay
+//
+// Key design:
+//   - TCP BIND uses mux: each inbound connection gets an independent mux stream
+//     carrying a relay AddrFeature identifying the peer address.
+//   - UDP BIND uses udp.Relay directly, bypassing mux.
 func (h *relayHandler) handleBind(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, address string, ro *xrecorder.HandlerRecorderObject, log logger.Logger) error {
 	log = log.WithFields(map[string]any{
 		"dst": address,
@@ -32,6 +61,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleBind(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, a
 
 	log.Debugf("%s >> %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), address)
 
+	// --- Traffic limiter + stats wrapper ---
 	{
 		clientID := ctxvalue.ClientIDFromContext(ctx)
 		rw := traffic_wrapper.WrapReadWriter(
@@ -56,6 +86,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleBind(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, a
 		conn = xnet.NewReadWriteConn(rw, rw, conn)
 	}
 
+	// Check whether BIND is enabled in config.
 	resp := relay.Response{
 		Version: relay.Version1,
 		Status:  relay.StatusOK,
@@ -75,6 +106,27 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleBind(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, a
 	}
 }
 
+// bindTCP implements TCP BIND mode.
+//
+// Detailed flow:
+//
+//	bindTCP()
+//	├─ 1. net.Listen on the specified TCP address
+//	├─ 2. Write the listening address into relay.Response, send to client
+//	├─ 3. Upgrade the client connection to a mux session
+//	│     (mux multiplexes multiple independent streams over one TCP conn)
+//	├─ 4. Create internal tcpListener + tcpHandler + Service
+//	│   ├─ tcpListener: wraps net.Listener with proxyproto/metrics/admission
+//	│   ├─ tcpHandler: on each inbound connection:
+//	│   │   ├─ Gets a stream from the mux session
+//	│   │   ├─ Writes the inbound peer address as AddrFeature on the stream
+//	│   │   └─ Pipes data bidirectionally (local conn ↔ mux stream)
+//	│   └─ Service: wraps listener + handler, blocks on Serve()
+//	├─ 5. Goroutine: accept and discard unexpected mux connections
+//	└─ 6. srv.Serve() blocks until shutdown
+//
+// The client receives forwarded connections as streams on the mux session.
+// Each stream carries a relay.AddrFeature identifying the original peer.
 func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, address string, ro *xrecorder.HandlerRecorderObject, log logger.Logger) error {
 	resp := relay.Response{
 		Version: relay.Version1,
@@ -84,7 +136,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 	lc := xnet.ListenConfig{
 		Netns: h.options.Netns,
 	}
-	ln, err := lc.Listen(ctx, network, address) // strict mode: if the port already in use, it will return error
+	ln, err := lc.Listen(ctx, network, address) // 严格模式：端口已被占用时会返回错误
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error(err)
 		resp.Status = relay.StatusServiceUnavailable
@@ -93,6 +145,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 	}
 	defer ln.Close()
 
+	// Internal service name: "<main-service>-ep-<listen-address>"
 	serviceName := fmt.Sprintf("%s-ep-%s", h.options.Service, ln.Addr())
 	log = log.WithFields(map[string]any{
 		"service":  serviceName,
@@ -103,6 +156,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 	})
 	ro.SrcAddr = ln.Addr().String()
 
+	// Return the listening address to the client.
 	af := &relay.AddrFeature{}
 	if err := af.ParseFrom(ln.Addr().String()); err != nil {
 		log.Warn(err)
@@ -113,7 +167,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Upgrade connection to multiplex session.
+	// Upgrade the client connection to a mux session.
 	session, err := mux.ClientSession(conn, h.md.muxCfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error(err)
@@ -121,6 +175,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 	}
 	defer session.Close()
 
+	// Internal endpoint listener (proxyproto → metrics → admission layers).
 	epListener := newTCPListener(ln,
 		listener.AddrOption(address),
 		listener.ServiceOption(serviceName),
@@ -129,6 +184,10 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 			"kind": "listener",
 		})),
 	)
+	// Internal endpoint handler — on each inbound connection:
+	//   1. Gets a stream from the mux session
+	//   2. Writes the peer address as AddrFeature on the mux stream
+	//   3. Pipes data bidirectionally
 	epHandler := newTCPHandler(session,
 		handler.ServiceOption(serviceName),
 		handler.LoggerOption(log.WithFields(map[string]any{
@@ -145,6 +204,8 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 	log = log.WithFields(map[string]any{})
 	log.Infof("bind on %s/%s OK", ln.Addr(), ln.Addr().Network())
 
+	// Goroutine: accept and discard unexpected mux connections.
+	// Normal inbound connections are handled by tcpHandler via session.GetConn().
 	go func() {
 		defer srv.Close()
 		for {
@@ -153,13 +214,23 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindTCP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 				log.Error(err)
 				return
 			}
-			conn.Close() // we do not handle incoming connections.
+			conn.Close() // 我们不处理意外入站的连接
 		}
 	}()
 
 	return srv.Serve()
 }
 
+// bindUDP implements UDP BIND mode.
+//
+// Flow:
+//  1. net.ListenPacket on the specified UDP address.
+//  2. Return the listening address to the client.
+//  3. Create a udp.Relay for bidir datagram relay between client and local port.
+//
+// Unlike TCP BIND, UDP BIND does not use mux. It relays datagrams directly via
+// udp.Relay, wrapping the stream connection as UDPTunServerConn for datagram
+// framing over the stream.
 func (h *relayHandler) bindUDP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, address string, ro *xrecorder.HandlerRecorderObject, log logger.Logger) error {
 	resp := relay.Response{
 		Version: relay.Version1,
@@ -203,6 +274,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindUDP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 
 	log.Infof("bind on %s OK", pc.LocalAddr())
 
+	// relay_util.UDPTunServerConn 将流式连接包装成数据报模式
 	r := udp.NewRelay(relay_util.UDPTunServerConn(conn), pc).
 		WithService(h.options.Service).
 		WithBypass(h.options.Bypass).
@@ -216,4 +288,4 @@ func (h *relayHandler) bindUDP(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, addr
 		"duration": time.Since(t),
 	}).Debugf("%s >-< %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), pc.LocalAddr())
 	return nil
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handler/relay/conn.go b/handler/relay/conn.go
index 7c9a7b13..72da5f72 100644
--- a/handler/relay/conn.go
+++ b/handler/relay/conn.go
@@ -9,6 +9,16 @@ import (
 	"net"
 )
 
+// tcpConn wraps a TCP connection with response header buffering (wbuf).
+//
+// In non-noDelay mode, the relay.Response header is first written into wbuf.
+// On the first Write() call, the buffered header and the data are sent together.
+// This avoids sending a small relay frame before the data stream begins.
+//
+// Write() semantics:
+//   - n always returns len(b) rather than the actual bytes written. This differs
+//     from net.Conn's contract. The rationale: when wbuf has content, the actual
+//     write is "wbuf + b" but the caller only cares that "b" was "processed".
 type tcpConn struct {
 	net.Conn
 	wbuf bytes.Buffer
@@ -19,9 +29,9 @@ func (c *tcpConn) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 }
 
 func (c *tcpConn) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
-	n = len(b) // force byte length consistent
+	n = len(b) // always return len(b), not actual bytes written
 	if c.wbuf.Len() > 0 {
-		c.wbuf.Write(b) // append the data to the cached header
+		c.wbuf.Write(b) // 将数据追加到缓存的头部之后
 		_, err = c.wbuf.WriteTo(c.Conn)
 		return
 	}
@@ -29,6 +39,27 @@ func (c *tcpConn) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+// udpConn wraps UDP datagrams over a stream connection.
+//
+// When the GOST relay protocol carries UDP over a TCP/stream transport,
+// a 2-byte big-endian length prefix frames each datagram. TCP is a stream
+// protocol without message boundaries, so this framing is necessary.
+//
+// Datagram wire format:
+//
+//	[2-byte length (big-endian)][datagram payload]
+//
+// Read() flow:
+//  1. Read 2-byte length prefix.
+//  2. Read the datagram payload of the specified length.
+//  3. If the caller's buffer is too small, allocate an internal buffer,
+//     read the full datagram, then truncate on copy.
+//
+// Write() flow:
+//  1. Reject data exceeding MaxUint16 (65535).
+//  2. If wbuf has a cached header, append the length prefix + data to the
+//     header and flush everything at once.
+//  3. Otherwise write the length prefix then the data.
 type udpConn struct {
 	net.Conn
 	wbuf bytes.Buffer
@@ -45,6 +76,7 @@ func (c *udpConn) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 	if len(b) >= dlen {
 		return io.ReadFull(c.Conn, b[:dlen])
 	}
+	// Caller's buffer is too small; allocate internal buffer.
 	buf := make([]byte, dlen)
 	_, err = io.ReadFull(c.Conn, buf)
 	n = copy(b, buf)
@@ -60,14 +92,16 @@ func (c *udpConn) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 
 	n = len(b)
 	if c.wbuf.Len() > 0 {
+		// Wbuf has cached header; append length prefix + data and flush together.
 		var bb [2]byte
 		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(bb[:], uint16(len(b)))
 		c.wbuf.Write(bb[:])
-		c.wbuf.Write(b) // append the data to the cached header
+		c.wbuf.Write(b)
 		_, err = c.wbuf.WriteTo(c.Conn)
 		return
 	}
 
+	// Write length prefix + data directly.
 	var bb [2]byte
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(bb[:], uint16(len(b)))
 	_, err = c.Conn.Write(bb[:])
@@ -75,4 +109,4 @@ func (c *udpConn) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 		return
 	}
 	return c.Conn.Write(b)
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handler/relay/connect.go b/handler/relay/connect.go
index 1fd78635..cf289773 100644
--- a/handler/relay/connect.go
+++ b/handler/relay/connect.go
@@ -26,6 +26,41 @@ import (
 	xrecorder "github.com/go-gost/x/recorder"
 )
 
+// handleConnect processes a relay CmdConnect request.
+//
+// This is the core function of the relay handler: the client connects to a
+// target address through the relay.
+//
+// Data flow:
+//
+//	handleConnect()
+//	├─ 1. Clean address (unix/serial special handling)
+//	├─ 2. Wrap traffic limiter + stats
+//	├─ 3. Check target address is non-empty
+//	├─ 4. Bypass check
+//	├─ 5. Set consistent-hashing source (e.g. "host")
+//	├─ 6. Dial by network type:
+//	│   ├─ "unix"   → net.Dialer.DialContext("unix")
+//	│   ├─ "serial" → serial.OpenPort()
+//	│   └─ other    → h.options.Router.Dial()  ← chain routing
+//	├─ 7. Send response header (noDelay controls timing)
+//	│   ├─ noDelay=true  → write relay.Response immediately
+//	│   └─ noDelay=false → buffer in wbuf, merged with first data packet
+//	├─ 8. Wrap connection by network type:
+//	│   ├─ UDP → udpConn (2-byte length prefix)
+//	│   └─ TCP → tcpConn (passthrough)
+//	├─ 9. Optional protocol sniffing:
+//	│   ├─ HTTP → sniffer.HandleHTTP()
+//	│   ├─ TLS  → sniffer.HandleTLS()
+//	│   └─ other → continue to step 10
+//	└─ 10. xnet.Pipe() bidir copy (client ↔ target)
+//
+// Key design decisions:
+//   - noDelay: low-latency mode sends each write as an independent relay frame.
+//     Without it, the relay response header is merged with the first data packet.
+//   - Sniffing reads the first few bytes after connection to detect the protocol.
+//     HTTP/TLS traffic can be MITM-decrypted or recorded.
+//   - Route info (node chain) is recorded via ictx.ContextWithBuffer into ro.Route.
 func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network, address string, ro *xrecorder.HandlerRecorderObject, log logger.Logger) (err error) {
 	if network == "unix" || network == "serial" {
 		if host, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(address); host != "" {
@@ -41,6 +76,8 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 
 	log.Debugf("%s >> %s/%s", conn.RemoteAddr(), address, network)
 
+	// --- Traffic limiter + stats wrapper ---
+	// clientID is used as the key for traffic limiting and stats collection.
 	{
 		clientID := xctx.ClientIDFromContext(ctx)
 		rw := traffic_wrapper.WrapReadWriter(
@@ -78,6 +115,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 		return
 	}
 
+	// Bypass check — if the target is in the bypass list, return Forbidden
 	if h.options.Bypass != nil && h.options.Bypass.Contains(ctx, network, address, bypass.WithService(h.options.Service)) {
 		log.Debug("bypass: ", address)
 		resp.Status = relay.StatusForbidden
@@ -85,11 +123,13 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 		return xbypass.ErrBypass
 	}
 
+	// Consistent hashing — used for sticky sessions across upstream nodes
 	switch h.md.hash {
 	case "host":
 		ctx = xctx.ContextWithHash(ctx, &xctx.Hash{Source: address})
 	}
 
+	// --- Dial to target ---
 	var cc net.Conn
 	switch network {
 	case "unix":
@@ -119,6 +159,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 	ro.SrcAddr = cc.LocalAddr().String()
 	ro.DstAddr = cc.RemoteAddr().String()
 
+	// --- Send relay response header ---
 	if h.md.noDelay {
 		if _, err := resp.WriteTo(conn); err != nil {
 			log.Error(err)
@@ -126,13 +167,16 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --- Wrap connection by network type ---
+	// UDP connections use a 2-byte length prefix for datagram framing.
+	// TCP connections pass data through directly.
 	switch network {
 	case "udp", "udp4", "udp6":
 		rc := &udpConn{
 			Conn: conn,
 		}
 		if !h.md.noDelay {
-			// cache the header
+			// 缓存响应头，与第一个数据包合并发送
 			if _, err := resp.WriteTo(&rc.wbuf); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -143,7 +187,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 			rc := &tcpConn{
 				Conn: conn,
 			}
-			// cache the header
+			// 缓存响应头，与第一个数据包合并发送
 			if _, err := resp.WriteTo(&rc.wbuf); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -151,6 +195,9 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --- Optional protocol sniffing ---
+	// After connection establishment, sniff the first bytes of client traffic
+	// to detect HTTP or TLS. When detected, MITM decryption can be applied.
 	if h.md.sniffing {
 		if h.md.sniffingTimeout > 0 {
 			conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(h.md.sniffingTimeout))
@@ -204,9 +251,9 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --- 双向数据拷贝 ---
 	t := time.Now()
 	log.Infof("%s <-> %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), address)
-	// xnet.Transport(conn, cc)
 	xnet.Pipe(ctx, conn, cc)
 	log.WithFields(map[string]any{
 		"duration": time.Since(t),
@@ -215,6 +262,10 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleConnect(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 	return nil
 }
 
+// serialConn wraps a serial port connection as net.Conn.
+// Serial ports have no network addresses, so LocalAddr/RemoteAddr return
+// custom serialAddr values. Deadline methods are no-ops since serial
+// ports do not support deadlines.
 type serialConn struct {
 	io.ReadWriteCloser
 	port string
@@ -244,6 +295,7 @@ func (c *serialConn) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// serialAddr is the address type for a serial port connection.
 type serialAddr struct {
 	port string
 }
@@ -254,4 +306,4 @@ func (a *serialAddr) Network() string {
 
 func (a *serialAddr) String() string {
 	return a.port
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handler/relay/entrypoint.go b/handler/relay/entrypoint.go
index c3c5e684..bda34eea 100644
--- a/handler/relay/entrypoint.go
+++ b/handler/relay/entrypoint.go
@@ -16,6 +16,16 @@ import (
 	metrics "github.com/go-gost/x/metrics/wrapper"
 )
 
+// tcpListener is the internal TCP listener used in BIND mode.
+//
+// Wrapping layers (outermost first):
+//   - proxyproto.WrapListener — PROXY protocol support
+//   - metrics.WrapListener — connection metrics
+//   - admission.WrapListener — access control (allow/deny lists)
+//   - raw net.Listener
+//
+// This is a simplified version of the standard listener wrapping chain from
+// x/config/parsing/service/parse.go.
 type tcpListener struct {
 	ln      net.Listener
 	options listener.Options
@@ -33,7 +43,6 @@ func newTCPListener(ln net.Listener, opts ...listener.Option) listener.Listener
 }
 
 func (l *tcpListener) Init(md md.Metadata) (err error) {
-	// l.logger.Debugf("pp: %d", l.options.ProxyProtocol)
 	ln := l.ln
 	ln = proxyproto.WrapListener(l.options.ProxyProtocol, ln, 10*time.Second)
 	ln = metrics.WrapListener(l.options.Service, ln)
@@ -55,6 +64,20 @@ func (l *tcpListener) Close() error {
 	return l.ln.Close()
 }
 
+// tcpHandler is the internal handler for BIND mode.
+//
+// When an inbound connection arrives at the listen port created by bindTCP,
+// this handler forwards it back to the requesting client over a mux stream.
+//
+// Flow:
+//  1. Gets a free stream from the mux session (session.GetConn()).
+//  2. Encodes the inbound peer address as a relay.AddrFeature on the stream.
+//  3. Writes a relay.Response (StatusOK).
+//  4. Bidirectional Pipe (inbound conn ↔ mux stream).
+//
+// This is the core mechanism for reverse-proxy / tunnel traversal:
+// the client that requested BIND receives forwarded connections as
+// streams on the mux session.
 type tcpHandler struct {
 	session *mux.Session
 	options handler.Options
@@ -92,6 +115,7 @@ func (h *tcpHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, opts ...handler.
 		}).Infof("%s >< %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), conn.LocalAddr())
 	}()
 
+	// 从 mux 会话获取一个流
 	cc, err := h.session.GetConn()
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error(err)
@@ -99,6 +123,7 @@ func (h *tcpHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, opts ...handler.
 	}
 	defer cc.Close()
 
+	// 将入站连接地址编码为 AddrFeature，通过 relay 帧发送给客户端
 	af := &relay.AddrFeature{}
 	af.ParseFrom(conn.RemoteAddr().String())
 	resp := relay.Response{
@@ -113,9 +138,8 @@ func (h *tcpHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, opts ...handler.
 
 	t := time.Now()
 	log.Debugf("%s <-> %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), cc.RemoteAddr())
-	// xnet.Transport(conn, cc)
 	xnet.Pipe(ctx, conn, cc)
 	log.WithFields(map[string]any{"duration": time.Since(t)}).
 		Debugf("%s >-< %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), cc.RemoteAddr())
 	return nil
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handler/relay/forward.go b/handler/relay/forward.go
index 398a00b5..8f07ab99 100644
--- a/handler/relay/forward.go
+++ b/handler/relay/forward.go
@@ -19,6 +19,31 @@ import (
 	xrecorder "github.com/go-gost/x/recorder"
 )
 
+// handleForward processes relay forward mode.
+//
+// When a hop is set on the relayHandler (via Forward()), this mode is used.
+// Unlike handleConnect, the target address is not specified by the client;
+// instead it is selected by the hop's load-balancing strategy (round-robin,
+// random, hash, etc.).
+//
+// Data flow:
+//
+//	handleForward()
+//	├─ 1. hop.Select() picks a target node from the hop
+//	│   └─ No node available → return ServiceUnavailable
+//	├─ 2. Wrap traffic limiter + stats
+//	├─ 3. Router.Dial() dials the target node
+//	│   └─ Dial fails → mark the node (Mark()) → return HostUnreachable
+//	├─ 4. On success, reset the node's failure marker
+//	├─ 5. Send response header (noDelay controls timing)
+//	├─ 6. Wrap connection by network type (tcpConn/udpConn)
+//	└─ 7. xnet.Pipe() bidir data copy (client ↔ target)
+//
+// Failure handling:
+//   - If Router.Dial fails and the target node has a Marker, the node is
+//     marked as failed. Marked nodes are skipped by FailFilter/BackupFilter
+//     in subsequent selections.
+//   - On successful dial, the marker is reset, indicating recovery.
 func (h *relayHandler) handleForward(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network string, ro *xrecorder.HandlerRecorderObject, log logger.Logger) error {
 	resp := relay.Response{
 		Version: relay.Version1,
@@ -40,6 +65,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleForward(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 
 	log.Debugf("%s >> %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), target.Addr)
 
+	// --- Traffic limiter + stats wrapper ---
 	{
 		clientID := ctxvalue.ClientIDFromContext(ctx)
 		rw := wrapper.WrapReadWriter(
@@ -63,12 +89,13 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleForward(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 		conn = xnet.NewReadWriteConn(rw, rw, conn)
 	}
 
+	// Dial the target node, recording the route path.
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
 	cc, err := h.options.Router.Dial(ictx.ContextWithBuffer(ctx, &buf), network, target.Addr)
 	ro.Route = buf.String()
 	if err != nil {
-		// TODO: the router itself may be failed due to the failed node in the router,
-		// the dead marker may be a wrong operation.
+		// TODO: the router itself may fail because of a failed node in the route.
+		// Marking the node here may be incorrect in that case.
 		if marker := target.Marker(); marker != nil {
 			marker.Mark()
 		}
@@ -85,10 +112,12 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleForward(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 	ro.SrcAddr = cc.LocalAddr().String()
 	ro.DstAddr = cc.RemoteAddr().String()
 
+	// Reset the failure marker on successful dial.
 	if marker := target.Marker(); marker != nil {
 		marker.Reset()
 	}
 
+	// --- Send response header ---
 	if h.md.noDelay {
 		if _, err := resp.WriteTo(conn); err != nil {
 			log.Error(err)
@@ -96,13 +125,14 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleForward(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 		}
 	}
 
+	// --- Wrap connection by network type ---
 	switch network {
 	case "udp", "udp4", "udp6":
 		rc := &udpConn{
 			Conn: conn,
 		}
 		if !h.md.noDelay {
-			// cache the header
+			// Buffer the response header, merged with the first data packet.
 			if _, err := resp.WriteTo(&rc.wbuf); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -113,7 +143,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleForward(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 			Conn: conn,
 		}
 		if !h.md.noDelay {
-			// cache the header
+			// Buffer the response header, merged with the first data packet.
 			if _, err := resp.WriteTo(&rc.wbuf); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -123,11 +153,10 @@ func (h *relayHandler) handleForward(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, network
 
 	t := time.Now()
 	log.Debugf("%s <-> %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), target.Addr)
-	// xnet.Transport(conn, cc)
 	xnet.Pipe(ctx, conn, cc)
 	log.WithFields(map[string]any{
 		"duration": time.Since(t),
 	}).Debugf("%s >-< %s", conn.RemoteAddr(), target.Addr)
 
 	return nil
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handler/relay/handler.go b/handler/relay/handler.go
index 544fe35f..84c7eb45 100644
--- a/handler/relay/handler.go
+++ b/handler/relay/handler.go
@@ -37,6 +37,42 @@ func init() {
 	registry.HandlerRegistry().Register("relay", NewHandler)
 }
 
+// relayHandler is the GOST relay protocol server handler.
+//
+// The GOST relay protocol is a custom multiplexed transport supporting three modes:
+//  1. Connect — the client requests a connection to a target address.
+//     The handler dials via the configured Router and pipes data bidirectionally.
+//     - Direct: handleConnect(), target address from the relay request.
+//     - Forward: handleForward(), target from hop selector (load balancing).
+//  2. Bind — the client asks the handler to listen on a local port and forward
+//     incoming connections back through a mux session. Used for reverse proxying.
+//  3. Forward — when a hop is set, the target is selected by the hop's strategy
+//     rather than specified by the client.
+//
+// Data flow:
+//
+//	┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+//	│ Handle() → parse relay.Request                          │
+//	│   ├─ extract auth (UserAuthFeature) → authenticate      │
+//	│   ├─ extract target address (AddrFeature)                │
+//	│   └─ extract network type (NetworkFeature)               │
+//	│                                                          │
+//	│ ┌── hop set? ──→ handleForward()                         │
+//	│ │   ├─ hop.Select() pick target node                     │
+//	│ │   └─ Router.Dial() → Pipe bidir copy                   │
+//	│                                                          │
+//	│ └── no hop, dispatch by command:                         │
+//	│   ├─ CmdConnect → handleConnect()                        │
+//	│   │   ├─ bypass check                                    │
+//	│   │   ├─ consistent-hashing                              │
+//	│   │   ├─ Router.Dial() / net.Dial() / serial.Open        │
+//	│   │   ├─ send response header (noDelay)                  │
+//	│   │   ├─ optional protocol sniffing (HTTP/TLS MITM)      │
+//	│   │   └─ Pipe bidir data copy                            │
+//	│   └─ CmdBind → handleBind()                              │
+//	│       ├─ bindTCP: net.Listen → mux session → tcpHandler │
+//	│       └─ bindUDP: net.ListenPacket → udp.Relay           │
+//	└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
 type relayHandler struct {
 	hop      hop.Hop
 	md       metadata
@@ -59,6 +95,14 @@ func NewHandler(opts ...handler.Option) handler.Handler {
 	}
 }
 
+// Init 初始化 relay handler。在 handler 被注册到 service 后调用。
+//
+// 初始化流程：
+//  1. 解析元数据配置（超时、嗅探、mux、MITM 等）
+//  2. 如果配置了 Observer，创建 stats 统计器并启动后台轮询协程
+//  3. 如果配置了 TrafficLimiter，创建带缓存的流量限制器
+//  4. 从 Recorders 列表中选取 ServiceHandler 类型的 recorder
+//  5. 如果配置了 MITM 证书，创建内存证书池
 func (h *relayHandler) Init(md md.Metadata) (err error) {
 	if err := h.parseMetadata(md); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -99,6 +143,22 @@ func (h *relayHandler) Forward(hop hop.Hop) {
 	h.hop = hop
 }
 
+// Handle is the main entry point for each inbound connection.
+//
+// Flow:
+//  1. Create a recorder object with connection metadata.
+//  2. Wrap the connection for stats collection (input/output bytes).
+//  3. Rate-limit check.
+//  4. Set read deadline, read the relay.Request.
+//  5. Clear the read deadline.
+//  6. Check the relay protocol version.
+//  7. Parse request features (auth, address, network type).
+//  8. Authenticate (if an Auther is configured).
+//  9. Dispatch:
+//     - If hop is set → handleForward.
+//     - CmdConnect → handleConnect.
+//     - CmdBind → handleBind.
+//  10. Deferred final stats recording.
 func (h *relayHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, opts ...handler.HandleOption) (err error) {
 	defer conn.Close()
 
@@ -220,7 +280,7 @@ func (h *relayHandler) Handle(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, opts ...handle
 	log = log.WithFields(map[string]any{"network": network})
 
 	if h.hop != nil {
-		// forward mode
+		// Forward mode: target is selected from the hop.
 		return h.handleForward(ctx, conn, network, ro, log)
 	}
 
@@ -242,5 +302,4 @@ func (h *relayHandler) Close() error {
 		h.cancel()
 	}
 	return nil
-}
-
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handler/relay/metadata.go b/handler/relay/metadata.go
index e61b927b..15598cdf 100644
--- a/handler/relay/metadata.go
+++ b/handler/relay/metadata.go
@@ -13,37 +13,85 @@ import (
 	"github.com/go-gost/x/registry"
 )
 
+// metadata holds the relay handler configuration parsed from the generic Metadata map.
 type metadata struct {
-	// readTimeout is the deadline for reading the initial relay protocol
-	// handshake (relay.Request) from the client connection. The deadline
-	// is cleared immediately after the handshake completes, so it does
-	// not affect subsequent data transfer. Also passed to SnifferBuilder
-	// for the upstream response header read timeout.
-	// 0 or negative defaults to 15s.
-	readTimeout   time.Duration
-	udpBufferSize int
-	enableBind    bool
-	noDelay       bool
-	hash          string
-	muxCfg        *mux.Config
+	// readTimeout is the deadline for reading the initial relay.Request handshake.
+	// Cleared immediately after the handshake, so it does not affect data transfer.
+	// Also passed to SnifferBuilder for upstream response header read timeout.
+	// Default: 15s (0 or negative falls back to 15s).
+	readTimeout time.Duration
 
-	observerPeriod       time.Duration
+	// udpBufferSize is the buffer size (in bytes) for UDP datagram relay.
+	// Config keys: "udp.bufferSize", "udpBufferSize".
+	udpBufferSize int
+
+	// enableBind controls whether CmdBind is allowed.
+	// Disabled by default; set "bind: true" in config to enable.
+	enableBind bool
+
+	// noDelay controls whether the relay.Response header is sent immediately.
+	// When enabled, each write is an independent relay frame (low-latency).
+	// When disabled, the response header is buffered in wbuf and merged with
+	// the first data write.
+	noDelay bool
+
+	// hash specifies the consistent-hashing source. Currently supports "host",
+	// which uses the target address as the hash source for sticky sessions.
+	hash string
+
+	// muxCfg is the multiplexing session configuration, used only in BIND mode
+	// to upgrade the client connection to a mux session.
+	muxCfg *mux.Config
+
+	// observerPeriod is the stats event polling interval.
+	// Default: 5s, minimum: 1s.
+	// Config keys: "observePeriod", "observer.period", "observer.observePeriod".
+	observerPeriod time.Duration
+
+	// observerResetTraffic controls whether traffic counters are reset after
+	// each poll. When true, reported traffic is incremental; when false, cumulative.
 	observerResetTraffic bool
 
-	sniffing                    bool
-	sniffingTimeout             time.Duration
-	sniffingWebsocket           bool
+	// sniffing enables protocol sniffing. When enabled, the handler detects
+	// the traffic protocol (HTTP/TLS) after connection establishment and
+	// selects the corresponding processing path (e.g. MITM decryption).
+	sniffing bool
+
+	// sniffingTimeout is the read deadline during sniffing.
+	sniffingTimeout time.Duration
+
+	// sniffingWebsocket enables WebSocket upgrade detection within sniffed HTTP.
+	sniffingWebsocket bool
+
+	// sniffingWebsocketSampleRate controls the sampling rate for WebSocket
+	// traffic recording (0.0 ~ 1.0).
 	sniffingWebsocketSampleRate float64
 
+	// certificate is the CA certificate used for MITM decryption.
 	certificate *x509.Certificate
-	privateKey  crypto.PrivateKey
-	alpn        string
-	mitmBypass  bypass.Bypass
 
+	// privateKey is the private key paired with the MITM certificate.
+	privateKey crypto.PrivateKey
+
+	// alpn is the TLS ALPN protocol list for MITM decryption.
+	alpn string
+
+	// mitmBypass is an allow/deny list of hostnames that skip MITM decryption.
+	mitmBypass bypass.Bypass
+
+	// limiterRefreshInterval is the traffic limiter cache refresh interval.
 	limiterRefreshInterval time.Duration
+
+	// limiterCleanupInterval is the traffic limiter cache cleanup interval.
 	limiterCleanupInterval time.Duration
 }
 
+// parseMetadata extracts typed configuration from the generic Metadata map.
+//
+// Rules:
+//   - Uses mdutil Get* helpers which support multiple fallback key names.
+//   - Numeric durations are treated as seconds; string durations use time.ParseDuration.
+//   - Unset or invalid values fall back to sensible defaults.
 func (h *relayHandler) parseMetadata(md mdata.Metadata) (err error) {
 	h.md.readTimeout = mdutil.GetDuration(md, "readTimeout")
 	if h.md.readTimeout <= 0 {
@@ -100,4 +148,4 @@ func (h *relayHandler) parseMetadata(md mdata.Metadata) (err error) {
 	h.md.limiterCleanupInterval = mdutil.GetDuration(md, "limiter.cleanupInterval")
 
 	return
-}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/handler/relay/observe.go b/handler/relay/observe.go
index 0781c10a..5547c81e 100644
--- a/handler/relay/observe.go
+++ b/handler/relay/observe.go
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/go-gost/core/observer"
 )
 
+// checkRateLimit checks whether a new connection from addr should be accepted.
+//
+// If a RateLimiter is configured, it looks up the rate limiter for the client
+// host and calls Allow(1). Without a RateLimiter or without a limiter for the
+// specific host, the connection is allowed by default.
 func (h *relayHandler) checkRateLimit(addr net.Addr) bool {
 	if h.options.RateLimiter == nil {
 		return true
@@ -20,11 +25,34 @@ func (h *relayHandler) checkRateLimit(addr net.Addr) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+// observeStats is a background goroutine that periodically collects and pushes
+// stats events. It is started in Init() when an Observer is configured.
+//
+// Event collection flow:
+//
+//	observeStats()
+//	├─ ticker fires at observerPeriod intervals
+//	├─ Each tick:
+//	│   ├─ If previous events failed (events != nil):
+//	│   │   └─ Retry sending buffered events
+//	│   │       └─ If it fails again → continue (retain events for next tick)
+//	│   ├─ Call h.stats.Events() for new events
+//	│   ├─ If there are new events:
+//	│   │   ├─ Try sending (Observe)
+//	│   │   └─ If it fails → save to events, retry next tick
+//	│   └─ On success, clear events = nil
+//	└─ ctx.Done() → exit
+//
+// Retry mechanism:
+//   - If Observe() returns an error, events are retained for the next retry.
+//   - On retry, buffered events are sent first, then new events are fetched.
+//   - This ensures events are not lost due to transient network issues.
 func (h *relayHandler) observeStats(ctx context.Context) {
 	if h.options.Observer == nil {
 		return
 	}
 
+	// events holds events that failed to send on the previous tick, for retry.
 	var events []observer.Event
 
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(h.md.observerPeriod)
@@ -33,20 +61,23 @@ func (h *relayHandler) observeStats(ctx context.Context) {
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-ticker.C:
-			// Try to flush any buffered events from a previous failed attempt.
+			// First, retry sending any buffered events from a previous failed attempt.
 			if len(events) > 0 {
 				if err := h.options.Observer.Observe(ctx, events); err != nil {
+					// Failed again, retain events for the next retry.
 					continue
 				}
 			}
 
-			// Collect and send fresh events.
+			// Fetch and send new events.
 			if evs := h.stats.Events(); len(evs) > 0 {
 				if err := h.options.Observer.Observe(ctx, evs); err != nil {
+					// Failed, cache for retry on the next tick.
 					events = evs
 					continue
 				}
 			}
+			// Sent successfully, clear the cache.
 			events = nil
 
 		case <-ctx.Done():